Vertical currency is a type of currency in which the orientation has been changed from the conventional horizontal orientation to a vertical orientation. Dowling Duncan, a self-touted multidisciplinary design studio, conducted a study in which they determined people tend to handle and deal with money vertically rather than horizontally, especially when the currency is processed through ATM and other money machines. They also note how money transactions are conducted vertically not horizontally. [67] Bermuda, Cape Verde, Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States, Switzerland, and Venezuela have adopted vertically oriented currency, though Cape Verde has now reverted to horizontal orientation.

Ulster Bank reveals 'vertical' banknotes". The Irish News. 24 May 2018. Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 25 May 2018. Most recently, Bisphenol S (BPS), has been frequently used in the production of banknotes worldwide. BPS is an endocrine disruptor that is subject to human dermal absorption through handling banknotes. [66] Vertical orientation [ edit ] Even playing cards were used for currency in France in the early 19th century, and in French Canada from 1685 until 1757, the Colony of Louisiana, Dutch Guiana, and in the Isle of Man in the beginning of the 19th century, and again in Germany after World War I.

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Moulton, Luther Vanhorn (1880). The Science of Money and American Finances. Co-operative Press. p. 134. Dowling Duncan redesign the US banknotes". Dowling | Duncan. 14 August 2010. Archived from the original on 23 April 2011 . Retrieved 15 August 2012.

The founder of the Yuan dynasty, Kublai Khan, issued paper money known as Jiaochao. The original notes were restricted by area and duration, as in the Song dynasty, but in the later years, facing massive shortages of specie to fund their rule, the paper money began to be issued without restrictions on duration. Venetian merchants were impressed by the fact that the Chinese paper money was guaranteed by the State. Forged German Treasure Banknotes". mebanknotes. 28 May 2008. Archived from the original on 26 August 2011 . Retrieved 27 August 2011. Banks no longer have to legally accept old paper notes and coins following the withdrawal, but the banks who do offer the service usually tend to have their own rules in place with regards to the procedure. Banks that allow you to exchange old notes usually allow you to simply deposit the money into an account held with them. Technical drawings for the British Bombe, the machine specified by Turing and one of the primary tools used to break Enigma-enciphered messages during WWII.

Current banknotes

Capie, Forrest; Fischer, Stanley; Goodhart, Charles; Schnadt, Norbert (1994). "The development of central banking". The future of central banking: the tercentenary symposium of the Bank of England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-5214-9634-6 . Retrieved 17 December 2012– via LSE Research Online. Former NatWest fraud boss leaves after moonlighting for law firm... which specialised in suing banks on behalf of scam victims

Since 1979, Sri Lanka has printed the reverse of its banknotes vertically. Between 1993 and 2013, Brazil has printed banknotes of 5000 and 50000 cruzeiros reais and the first Brazilian real series of banknotes has the obverse in traditional horizontal layout, while the reverse is in vertical format. The 2018 Hong Kong dollar banknotes series too has the obverse in traditional horizontal layout, while the reverse is in vertical format. [68] You don't have to turn up at Threadneedle Street in person to exchange your notes. You can also send them by post. Banks and building societies happy to exchange the old notes include Barclays, Halifax, Lloyds, Nationwide, NatWest and Santander.

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Collectors generally seek out notes with low serial numbers - starting with AA01 - as these are the earliest of their kind to be printed. Notes with special sequences, such as 888888, can also be collectible. There are many different organizations and societies around the world for the hobby, including the International Bank Note Society (IBNS), which currently assert to have around 2,000 members in 90 countries. [86] Novelty [ edit ] In 1988, Austria produced the 5000 Schilling banknote ( Mozart), which is the first foil application ( Kinegram) to a paper banknote in the history of banknote printing. The application of optical features is now common throughout the world. Many countries' banknotes now have embedded holograms. A red foil patch containing the letters ‘AT’ is based on the image of a sunflower head linked to Turing’s morphogenetic work in later life.